He was politically adept in dealing with the eastern Roman Empire and was therefore made into a secretary by Muhammad. Even the most stubborn of opponents would often melt under his generosity and diplomacy. He also managed through fine diplomacy to balance out the tribal rivalries. During Mu'awiya's rule he put into practice the advice that Muhammad had given him, "When you rule, do it well.
He honoured people who possessed ability and talent and helped them to advance their talents, regardless of their tribe. He displayed great forbearance towards the rashness of ignorant men and great generosity towards the grasping. He made the judgements of the Shari'a binding on everyone with resolution, compassion and diligence.
He led them in their prayers and directed them in their gatherings. He led them in their wars. In short, he proved to be a balanced and model ruler. It must be said, however, that the rise of Mu'awiyah came partly through his family connections to the Umayyad tribe. During the later part of Uthman bin Affan's rule, Ali advised Uthman to keep a check on Mu'awiyah's growing power saying:.
I will tell you that everyone appointed by 'Umar bin al Khattab was kept under close scrutiny by him. If Umar heard a single word concerning him he would flog him, then punish him with the utmost severity. But you do not do [that]. You have been weak and easygoing with your relatives. Do you know that Umar kept Mu'awiyah in office throughout his entire caliphate, and I have only done the same. Thus, he says to the people. The Greek historian Theophanus does not call Muawiyah a king or an emperor, but rather a 'primus inter pares', or in Greek, a protosymboulos , "a first among equals", in the midst of his 'symboulioi'.
Theophanus also referred to Umar ibn al-Khattab as "Primus inter pares". After the peace treaty with Hassan, in the book The Great Arab Conquests Hugh Kennedy writes that "The Nestorian Christian John bar Penkaye writing in the s, has nothing but praise for the first Umayyad caliph, Muawiya, of whose reign he says 'the peace throughout the world was such that we have never heard, either from our fathers or from our grandparents, or seen that there had ever been any like it'".
The traditional medieval Sunni perception of Caliph Muawiyah I has a wide spectrum. It is based on when it was written and who wrote it and where. A narration tells that Muhammad prayed to God in favor of Muawiyah: "Allahumma O Allah guide him and guide people by him.
Even the earliest pro-Shia accounts of al-Masudi are more balanced. Az-Zuhri stated that Muawiya led the Hajj Pilgrimage with the people twice during his era as caliph.
Books written in the early Abbasid period like al-baladhuri "The Origins of the Islamic State" provide a more accurate and balanced history. After killing off most of the Umayyads and destroying the graves of the Umayyad rulers apart from Muawiyah and Umar Ibn Adbul Aziz, the history books written during the later Abbasid period are more anti Umayyad. The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are even more anti Umayyad.
Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
It contains text like this:. Some of the classical literature by eminent Sunni Islamic figures in the Abbasid period records:. Muawiyah's opposition to Ali manifested itself in the following practice instituted during his caliphate, which was the verbal abuse and insult of Ali Ibn Abi Talib during the sermons in the mosques.
This was even done on the pulpit of the Mosque of Muhammad in Medinah. This practice lasted for 65 years and was ended by Umayyad caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz. Nisa'i and Muslim narrate a Sahih hadith, wherein Muhammad summoned Muawiyah who snubbed him and continued eating his meal — Muhammad then cursed Muawiyah with the words: "May Allah never fill his belly! However, the two pre-eminent masters of Sunni hadith, Bukhari and Muslim, have rejected absolutely the latter apology for Muawiyah.
Ibn Taymiyyah to said: "Muawiyah did not call himself to be a khaleefah and was not given the oath of allegiance to it when he fought Ali. He fought not because he considered himself to be the khaleef or deserving of the khilaafah. This they all agreed upon and he himself would affirm this to whomever asked him. He and his companions did not consider it permissible that they initiate the fight against Ali and his companions. But Ali may Allah be pleased with him and his companions believed that Muawiyah and his companions must pledge allegiance and show obedience to Ali, due to his authority such that there be only one khaleefah for the Muslims.
Considering them defecting from this obligation he decided that Muawiyah and his companions should be fought until they fulfilled it. All this so that obedience and unity occur. Muawiyah and his companions did not see that it was obligatory upon them and if they were fought against they would consider themselves oppressed because Uthman was killed oppressively as was agreed by all the Muslims at the time and his killers were in Ali's camp, he having authority over them" [].
Ibn Kathir said: "Uthmaan was killed oppressively, may Allah be pleased with him. Muawiyah was demanding that Ali hand over Uthman's killers so that he may take vengeance from them, as he was also an Umayyid. Ali was asking Muawiyah for respite until he had established himself and then he would hand them over. At the same time he was requesting Muawiyah to surrender Shaam to him. However Muaawiyah refused that until Ali surrendered those who killed Uthman.
They shall receive the reward of what they earned and you of what you earned. And you will not be asked of what they used to do" Al-Baqarah Despite his endeavours in the expansion of the caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty, the persona of Caliph Muawiyah I evokes a controversial figure in standard Islamic history whose legacy has never quite been able to shed the taint of his opposition to the Rashidun Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib.
The late Sunni theologian Mawdudi founder of Jamaat-E-Islami wrote that the establishment of the caliphate as essentially a monarchy began with the caliphate of Muawiyah I. It wasn't the kind where Muawiyah was appointed by the Muslims. Mawdudi elaborated that Muawiyah wanted to be caliph and fought in order to attain the caliphate, not really depending upon the acceptance of the Muslim community. The people did not appoint Muawiyah as a caliph, he became one by force, and consequently the people had no choice but to give him their pledge of allegiance bay'ah.
Had the people not given Muawiyah their allegiance at that time, it wouldn't have meant so much as losing their rank or position, as much as it would have meant bloodshed and conflict.
This certainly couldn't have been given preference over peace and order. Following Hasan ibn Ali's abdication of the caliphate, all the Muslims including the Sahabah and Tabi'een gave their pledge of allegiance to Muawiyah I, bringing an end to civil war.
As Mawdudi pointed out, Muawiyah's own speech during the initial days of his caliphate expressed his own awareness of this: []. By Allah, while taking charge of your government I was not unaware of the fact that you are unhappy over my taking over of government and you people don't like it.
I am well aware of whatever is there in your hearts regarding this matter but still I have taken it from you on the basis of my sword… Now if you see that I am not fulfilling your rights, then you should be happy with me with whatever is there.
Muawiyah I is a reviled figure in Shia Islam for several reasons. According to Shia view, Muawiyah opposed Ali, out of sheer greed for power and wealth. His reign opened the door to the persecution of Ali's supporters, slaughtering of his followers, [] and unlawful imprisonment of his supporters, [] which only worsened when Yazid came into power and the Battle of Karbala ensued. Muawiyah is alleged to have killed many of Muhammad's companions Sahabah , either in battle or by poison, due to his lust for power.
Muawiyah killed several historical figures, including the Sahabah, Amr bin al-Hamiq, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, [] Malik al-Ashtar , [] Hujr ibn Adi [] to which the families of Abu Bakr and Umar condemned Muawiyah for, [] and the Sahaba deemed his killer to be cursed [] and Abd al-Rahman bin Hasaan buried alive for his support of Ali.
In the Battle of Siffin over 70, people among them many of the last surviving companions of Muhammad were killed. Notable among the Companions who were killed by Muawiyah's forces in the battle of Siffin was Ammar ibn Yasir , an old man of 95 at the time of his death.
Shia Muslims see his being killed at the hands of Muawiyah's army as significant because of a well-known hadith, present in both the Shia and Sunni books of hadith, narrated by Abu Hurairah and others, in which Muhammad is recorded to have said: "The transgressing party shall kill you", [] Sahih Muslim [] and Sahih al-Bukhari. The killing of the two children of Ubaydullah ibn Abbas the ancestor of the Abbasids can also be found in Sunni books from the Abbasid period and Shia texts.
Muawiyah] was informed that Ubaidullah had two infant sons. So he set out to reach them, and when he found them - they had two tender forelocks like pearls - [and] he ordered to kill them. Rashidun conquest of Syria. Rashidun conquest of Egypt. Umayyad conquest of North Africa.
Umayyad invasions of Anatolia and Constantinople. Sicily and Southern Italy. Military Wiki Explore. Popular pages. Project maintenance. Register Don't have an account? As for Abu Dharrr al-Ghifari, the earth did not carry nor the sky did put its shadow on anyone more truthful in speech than him; he was treated as a mischief monger.
He was beaten, exiled and banished to Rabdha. Whoever opposed them was judged to be a disbeliever. As for those who followed the school of the Ahlul-Bayt and followed the gate to the city of knowledge and the first one to accept Islam, he whom the truth revolved around wherever he was, those who followed the Ahlul- Bayt and the infallible Imams came to be considered as the people of innovation and misguidance, and whoever opposed and fought against them came to be seen as a Muslim. Surely there is no power and no strength except with Allah, the Highest, and the most Powerful.
Allah surely spoke the truth when He said:. Certainly they are indeed the corrupt ones but they do not realize it. They are the stupid ones, though they know it not. A brother mentioned that one may kill another with good intention and with love towrd each other and both the killer and the killed one would go to Paradise. The above incedent is true. However, there is a falacy hiden in the above argument. Abraham as was a prophet and the order to sacrifice his son was given by God through revelation.
It was the order of Allah, and both father and son were submissive to that. There was no dispute between them. But let me ask you this question: Did Talha and Zubair received revelation from God to kill people?
If so, why not against the first three Caliphs? And finally, they slaughtered the whole household of Prophet S including his beloved son grandson in the same way. Do You believe when somebody is ready to kill the whole house-hold of prophet, he refrains or is afraid of cursing them? La Wallah Skip to main content. His killing of Hujr and his companions. Woe unto him twice for Hujr and his companions.
Case 1 The very first head that was amputated from the body during the Islamic period was of Ammar Ibn Yasir ra , the famous companion of the Messenger of Allah S. Here is the reason behind it: From the time the Caliphate fell into the hands of the Umayad, they strove to distort the truth and turn everything head over heels.
Who Are Ahlul-Bayt? Part 6 The Most Beloved Wife? Can People Choose Imam? Q2 Every human is mortal. Then, how can Imam al-Mahdi as live so long? Q3 Where is Imam al-Mahdi as now? Q4 Why did Imam al-Mahdi as disappear? His clan, which had resisted Mohammed and his message longest and most vehemently, eventually won political control over the Islamic community.
As son of Abu Sufyan, one of the leaders of the Meccan opposition to Mohammed, Muawiya did not adopt Islam until the conquest of Mecca in Muawiya at this time was made secretary to the Prophet, but it was as a warrior in the army sent by the caliph Abu Bakr to conquer Syria that Muawiya first distinguished himself in the Moslem community.
As a result of his military exploits, Muawiya was awarded the governorship of Damascus and, under the caliph Omar, became governor over all Syria, in which capacity he served for 20 years. He built the province into a base of support on which he was able to draw during his contest with Ali for the caliphate. Muawiya appeased the native Christian population of Syria by his tolerance, which included the employment of Christians at his court; and he cultivated the Syrian tribesmen of southern Arabian origin by a marriage alliance, when he took a woman of the Kalb tribe as wife.
In addition, Muawiya built Syria into a powerful military and naval base from which he launched raids by land into Byzantine Asia Minor and naval expeditions against Cyprus, Rhodes, and the coast of Lycia. The second significant phase of Muawiya's career began in with the murder of the caliph Othman by rebels from Egypt and Iraq who resented the favoritism shown by Othman toward his Umayyad kinsmen.
Divisions among humankind based on tribes, nations and race resurface time and again. The Banu Omayya, who were merchants and soldiers in pre-Islamic years, benefited enormously from the conquered gold of Persia. Bani Hashim, on the other hand, tried to keep the Islamic community focused on the rugged simplicity of Islam. The third Caliph Uthman r was an Omayyad and a pious, shy, retiring aged man.
The power of wealth asserted itself during his time and those who were in a position to exploit this wealth, namely the merchant-soldier class of Banu Omayya, did so. When Ali r , a Hashimite, tried to redirect the flow of history towards the pristine purity of Islam, faith collided with greed; the civil wars ensued pitting Banu Omayya against Bani Hashim.
The first phase of the civil wars ended with the triumph of the merchant-warrior and the abdication of the rule of faith.
An era ended and a new era began. The civil wars also gave birth to the Kharijites. Their position, though it was couched in democratic terms, was extremist. They sought to justify their misguided position that Ali r had compromised his faith.
They also maintained that the Caliphate should be open to any capable Muslim, not just the Quraish. Their methods were bloody and they let loose a merciless reign of terror, indiscriminately killing men, women and children. Both Ali r and Muawiya waged war against them. Although defeated time and again, the Kharijites resurfaced in Islamic history as a recalcitrant group for five hundred years.
In the 14 th century, they gave up their violent ways and settled down in North Africa. Some historians, among them the great Ibn Batuta who traveled through North Africa in , relate them to the Ibadis who are known for their devout poetry in praise of the Prophet. The civil wars had arrested the explosive advance of the Muslim armies. With the civil wars at bay, the advance resumed.
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