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Synergy Location: Lewisville , TX. In exchange, the company was granted complete control of trade. The Jesuits established a mission among the Illinois in The Jesuits at once protested this injustice, believing that other orders were trying to have them expelled from North America. This decision was a matter of disagreement for several years. In , the Capuchins were given the jurisdiction of New Orleans by the Compagnie des Indes, and this sparked an open conflict with the Jesuits.
Five years later, Ignace de Beaubois, Superior of the Jesuit missions, negotiated with the company and obtained both permission to open a mission in New Orleans and the promise of financing for the Ursulines, who wished to establish a school for girls, the first in the Mississippi Valley. The Ursulines, who were the traditional allies of the Jesuits, arrived in New Orleans in and chose Father Beaubois to be their spiritual advisor.
Called back to France in , Father Beaubois had to justify his actions. As of , Louisiana was administered directly by the king, who named Le Moyne de Bienville as governor of the territory. With the support of de Bienville, who was his friend, Father Beaubois returned to New Orleans, but when conflicts arose once more between the Capuchins and the Jesuits, he went back to France for good in The evangelizing missions, although established by the late 17th century, never had any real success.
In , a group of 11 Ursulines coming from various convents in France were mandated by Monseigneur de Saint-Vallier to establish a hospital and school in New Orleans. Louisiana was still sparsely populated in There were about 4, European inhabitants and an equal number of black slaves.
Louisiana was returned to France in , but Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United States the following year. Tensions in the area were exacerbated not only by administrative conflicts and disputes provoked by the quarrelsome Cadillac, but also by territorial disagreements among the missionaries. Father Marest went on to work with the Sioux of the Upper Mississippi. During the same period, from to , the situation was further complicated by an increase in the number of Iroquois raids and by preparations for the War of the Spanish Succession — Evangelization was difficult, since the Laurentian Coalition, formed by the Algonkins, Innu and Hurons, suffered losses at the hands of the Iroquois Confederacy, which was armed by the Dutch and the English.
Native allies were also victims of severe epidemics that swept through their communities. So many succumbed to smallpox and dysentery in , malignant influenza in and another smallpox epidemic in , that a population estimated by the missionaries to be about 33, when they arrived was reduced to 12, Around , he worked with other Innu communities on the North Shore of the St.
Later, he ventured to Hudson Bay and Wisconsin. According to certain sources, he had an extraordinary gift for languages. The following year, he founded the mission of Saint-Marie de Gannentaha, where he worked until Marie, in what is now Ontario. Marie, where nearly 2, Algonkins were living. It was there that he met the Illinois, who were at war with the Sioux.
When the Illinois were defeated, they retreated towards Lake Michigan, to the straits of Michilimackinac. Here, in , on the north shore of the straits, Marquette founded the Saint-Ignace mission. He then met Louis Jolliet, the adventurer assigned by the Governor to explore the Mississippi River and discover its mouth.
In , the two men went down the river by canoe, covering nearly 1, kilometres, until they reached the present-day borders of Arkansas and Louisiana. They were enchanted by the discovery of new landscapes and exotic plants and birds, as well as the sight of bison herds number over animals. At the mouth of the Iowa River, they encountered the Peoria branch of the Illinois Confederacy and received a warm welcome.
The expanses of the Missouri and Ohio rivers amazed them. But at one point, they could go no further. The Aboriginals who traded with the Spanish showed such hostility that the explorers realized they had to turn around. New France remained a mission territory throughout the French regime. The missionaries were well educated, passionate about theology and philosophy, and ready to confront great hardship to achieve their goals.
They had to deal with fatigue, suffering, long and dangerous trips, exhausting portages, harsh winters and lack of hygiene, but nothing could stop them. They refused to admit that the age-old beliefs, rituals and spiritual practices of the Native people were valid.
The missionaries, teaching nuns and authorities had recourse to many strategies to persuade Aboriginals. However, Aboriginal boarders rarely stayed with the nuns for more than a few weeks or months. In , citing failure of the trustees in managing it, the king declared it as a royal colony. In , a group of settlers joined Oglethorpe to found Savannah, Georgia. Georgia began with the intention to have little landholding and no slavery. However, when it became a royal colony in , the ban on slavery was lifted.
For every person above the age of seven, and under the age of twelve, half the said allowance, being esteemed half a head. And for every person above the age of two, and under the age of seven, one third of said allowance, being esteemed one third of a head. The trustees pay their passage from England to Georgia; and in the voyage they will have in every week four beef days, two pork days, and one fish day….
Such provisions for the emigrants to Georgia have more the ring of a well-run jail or of a mercenary army than of a colony of free men seeking their fortune in a new world. The minutes of the Trustees and their Common Council the governing body of Georgia which met in London reek with paternalism.
The Trustees appropriated a saucepan as solemnly as they did the material for making bodices for twenty-six of the women from Salzburg. In a word, the Trustees had taken upon themselves control of the daily lives of people whom they barely knew, living in a land they themselves had never seen. Georgia settlers complained of their food, shelter, and equipment, and awaited, or demanded, remedies from the good fathers in distant London. The Trustees had little choice but to comply.
The efforts of the Trustees to keep the colonists happy and well-supplied postponed the day of their independence. As early as , Lord Percival saw financial trouble ahead if the paternalistic policy were continued.
While the sponsors found themselves more and more deeply involved, the colonists were neither prosperous nor hopeful.
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