HPV infects the squamous cells that line the inner surfaces of these organs. For this reason, most HPV-related cancers are a type of cancer called squamous cell carcinoma.
Some cervical cancers come from HPV infection of gland cells in the cervix and are called adenocarcinomas. Worldwide, the burden of HPV-related cancers is much greater.
Cervical cancer is among the most common cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in low- and middle-income countries, where screening tests and treatment of early cervical cell changes are not readily available. HPV passes easily between sexual partners. It can be transmitted through any intimate skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal—penile sex, penile—anal sex, penile—oral sex, vaginal—oral sex, and use of sex toys or other objects.
The infection passes easily between sexual partners. Condoms and dental dams can lower the chance of HPV transmission but do not prevent it completely. Infection with high-risk HPV does not usually cause symptoms.
The precancerous cell changes caused by a persistent HPV infection at the cervix rarely cause symptoms, which is why regular cervical cancer screening is important. Precancerous lesions at other sites in the body may cause symptoms like itching or bleeding.
And if an HPV infection develops into cancer, the cancer may cause symptoms like bleeding, pain, or swollen glands.
Learn more about signs and symptoms of cervical , vaginal , vulvar , penile , anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. Vaccination is prevention and does not cure an infection once you have it. HPV vaccination offers the most protection when given at ages The HPV vaccine series is recommended for girls and boys, at the age of 11 or 12, and the series can be started at age 9.
It is important for males as well as females to get vaccinated, because both men and women can develop cancers of the mouth and throat, anal cancers, and genital wart s.
Women are also at risk for cervical cancer, and men for penile cancer. Vaccination can also reduce the spread of HPV that causes cancer to other people.
Children who start the vaccine series before age 15 need two doses to be protected. Those who receive their first dose at age 15 or older need three doses to be protected.
Adults in this age group benefit less from the vaccine because they are more likely to have been exposed to HPV already. Therefore vaccination is not routinely recommended for people in this age group. If you are concerned that you are at risk for a new HPV infection, talk with your health care provider about whether HPV vaccination may be right for you. Learn more about the human papillomavirus HPV vaccine. Screening tests are used to check for disease when there are no symptoms.
The goal of screening for cervical cancer is to find precancerous cell changes at an early stage, before they become cancer and when treatment can prevent cancer from developing.
Screening for cervical cancer is an important part of routine health care for people who have a cervix. This includes women and transgender men who still have a cervix. Sometimes an HPV infection can become active again after many years. Learn more about what it means if a woman has a positive HPV test after many years of negative tests.
Research studies are ongoing to identify tests that can detect precancers in these areas or find cancer in an earlier, more treatable stage. Anal cancer screening: Among populations that are at higher risk for HPV infection, such as men who have sex with men or men who are HIV positive , some research has found that an anal Pap test also called an anal Pap smear may help to detect early cell changes or precancerous cells. Research is ongoing to see if treating anal precancer prevents anal cancer.
Oral cancer screening: Currently, there are no standard screening tests for oral cancer. However, the American Dental Association ADA recommends dentists check for signs of oral and oropharyngeal cancer as part of a routine dental check-up in all patients. Although HPV infection itself cannot be treated, there are treatments for the precancerous cell changes caused by infection with high-risk HPV. Precancerous cervical cell changes : Most women who have precancerous cervical cell changes are treated with the loop electrosurgical excision procedure LEEP , which is a method to remove the abnormal tissue.
Learn more about treatments for abnormal cervical cell changes. Precancerous vaginal, vulvar, penile, and anal lesions and genital warts : Treatment methods include topical medicines, surgical excision , cryosurgery , and laser therapy.
HPV-related cancers: Individuals who develop an HPV-related cancer generally receive the same treatment as patients with tumors at the same site that are not related to HPV infection. However, patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer may receive different treatments than patients whose oropharyngeal cancers are not caused by HPV.
Learn more about treatment options for oropharyngeal cancer , including targeted therapy and new types of treatment such as immunotherapy being tested in clinical trials. HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. Once high-risk HPV infects cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner.
These infected cells are usually recognized and controlled by the immune system. You also can develop symptoms years after you have sex with someone who is infected. This makes it hard to know when you first became infected. In most cases, HPV goes away on its own and does not cause any health problems. But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer. Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area.
They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose warts by looking at the genital area.
HPV can cause cervical and other cancers including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils called oropharyngeal cancer. Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. There is no way to know which people who have HPV will develop cancer or other health problems.
They may also be more likely to develop health problems from HPV. Get vaccinated. The HPV vaccine is safe and effective. It can protect against diseases including cancers caused by HPV when given in the recommended age groups. Get screened for cervical cancer. But, because of their location, they can be painful. Flat warts are smaller and smoother than other warts.
They generally occur on the face or legs and are more common in children and teens than in adults. Genital warts are a common sexually transmitted infection. They can appear on the genitals, in the pubic area or in the anal canal. In women, genital warts can also grow inside the vagina. In most cases, your body's immune system defeats an HPV infection before it creates warts. When warts do appear, they vary in appearance depending on which kind of HPV is involved:.
Genital warts. These appear as flat lesions, small cauliflower-like bumps or tiny stemlike protrusions. In women, genital warts appear mostly on the vulva but can also occur near the anus, on the cervix or in the vagina. In men, genital warts appear on the penis and scrotum or around the anus. Genital warts rarely cause discomfort or pain, though they may itch or feel tender. Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by HPV infections, but cervical cancer may take 20 years or longer to develop after an HPV infection.
The HPV infection and early cervical cancer typically don't cause noticeable symptoms. Getting vaccinated against HPV infection is your best protection from cervical cancer.
Because early cervical cancer doesn't cause symptoms, it's vital that women have regular screening tests to detect any precancerous changes in the cervix that might lead to cancer.
Current guidelines recommend that women ages 21 to 29 have a Pap test every three years. Women ages 30 to 65 are advised to continue having a Pap test every three years, or every five years if they also get the HPV DNA test at the same time. If you or your child has warts of any kind that cause embarrassment, discomfort or pain, seek advice from your doctor.
HPV infection occurs when the virus enters your body, usually through a cut, abrasion or small tear in your skin. The virus is transferred primarily by skin-to-skin contact. Genital HPV infections are contracted through sexual intercourse, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact in the genital region.
Some HPV infections that result in oral or upper respiratory lesions are contracted through oral sex. If you're pregnant and have an HPV infection with genital warts, it's possible your baby may get the infection. Rarely, the infection may cause a noncancerous growth in the baby's voice box larynx. What is HPV? How common is HPV? As of , it is estimated that the prevalence of HPV in women in the Americas is How is HPV spread?
How is HPV prevented? What are the symptoms of HPV? What are the problems of HPV? How does having HPV affect a pregnant woman and her baby? How is HPV diagnosed?
What is the treatment for HPV? Genital warts: Genital warts are visible, soft, moist, and skin-colored bumps. In women, warts are found around the vagina, cervix or anus.
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